Interactive geometry software (IGS) or dynamic geometry environments (DGEs) are computer programs which allow one to create and then manipulate geometric constructions, primarily in plane geometry. In most IGS, one starts construction by putting a few points and using them to define new objects such as lines, circles or other points. After some construction is done, one can move the points one started with and see how the construction changes.
In computer science, interactive computing refers to software which accepts input from the user as it runs. Interactive software includes commonly used programs, such as word processors or spreadsheet applications.By comparison, non-interactive programs operate without user intervention; examples of these include compilers and batch processing applications that are pre-programmed to run.
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2Comparison
- 2.1License and platform
- 32D programs
- 43D programs
History[edit]
The earliest IGS was the Geometric Supposer, which was developed in the early 1980s.[1] This was soon followed by Cabri in 1986 and The Geometer's Sketchpad.
Comparison[edit]
There are three main types of computer environments for studying school geometry: supposers[vague], dynamic geometry environments (DGEs) and Logo-based programs.[2] Most are DGEs: software that allows the user to manipulate ('drag') the geometric object into different shapes or positions. The main example of a supposer is the Geometric Supposer, which does not have draggable objects, but allows students to study pre-defined shapes. Nearly all of the following programs are DGEs. For a related, comparative physical example of these algorithms, see Lenart Sphere.
License and platform[edit]
The following table provides a first comparison of the different software according to their licence and platform.
Software | Cost (USD) | Licence | Platforms |
---|---|---|---|
Cabri Geometry | ? | Proprietary | Windows, Mac OS X |
C.a.R. | Free | GPL | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X |
CaRMetal | Free | GPL | Windows, GNU Linux, Mac OS X |
Cinderella 1.4 | Free | Proprietary | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X (Java) |
Cinderella 2.0 | 69 US$ | Proprietary | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X (Java) |
DrGeo | Free | GPL | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X |
GeoGebra | Free | GPL | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X |
The Geometer's Sketchpad | 70.02 US$ | Proprietary | Windows, Mac OS X (Java) |
Geometry Expert (GEX) | ? | ? | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X |
GEUP | ? | Proprietary | Windows |
Kig | Free | GPL | Linux |
KSEG | Free | GPL | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X |
WIRIS | ? | Proprietary | Linux, Windows, Mac OS X (Java) |
3D Software[edit]
Software | Cost (USD) | Licence | Platforms |
---|---|---|---|
Archimedes Geo3D | Shareware | Proprietary | Windows/Mac OS X/Linux |
GeoGebra (from version 5.0 Beta) | Free | GPL | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Windows RT |
Yenka 3D Shapes | Free for non-commercial use | Proprietary | Windows |
WIRIS | ? | Proprietary | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X |
General features[edit]
The following table provides a more detailed comparison :
Software | Calculations | Macros | Loci | Animations | Scripting | Assignments | LaTeX export | Web export | Multilingual | Proofs | Extra |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabri II Plus | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (with plug-in) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes (on relations) | Available on TI Calculator |
Calques 3D | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes (FRA ENG DEU ESP PTG) | Yes (on relations) | Experimental connection with some CAS |
CaR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? |
CaRMetal | Yes (recursive) | Yes | Yes | Yes (multiple) | Yes (JavaScript) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (probabilistic) | Amodality, folder system, the Monkey |
Cinderella | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (PDF) | Yes | Yes | Probabilistic | Several geometries, Physics simulations |
Ganja.js | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | 2D and 3D, projective and conformal, Geometric Algebra. |
GCLC | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Readable proofs, support for 3D |
GeoGebra | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (JavaScript) | No | Yes (PSTricks & PGF/TikZ) | Yes | Yes (55 languages) | Yes | CAS, HTML5 Export (from version 4.2) 3D & Automatic Proof (from version 5.0) |
Geometria | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Two-role (teacher, student) model |
Geometrix | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Interactive proof, diagram checking, teacher/student models, labels with dynamic placeholders |
Geometry Expressions | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes (Interactive HTML5/JS Apps) | Yes | No | Symbolic calculations, which can be copied as input for CAS, TeX, and source code in 21 formats/languages. Functions. Arcs on any function or curve. Website for exported HTML5 Canvas and JavaScript Interactive Apps (Euclid's Muse). |
GeoNext | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? | No | ? | Yes | No | Available as a web app |
Géoplan-Géospace | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes (activeX) | Yes | Yes | Sequences, 2D & 3D, human readable file format |
GeoProof | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Automatic formal proofs |
GEUP | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No | ? | No | Yes | No | ? |
iGeom | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Probabilist | Recurrent scripts |
Kig | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes (Python) | No | Yes (PSTricks) | No | Yes | No | Labels with dynamic placeholders |
Live Geometry | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Includes player. |
Sarit2d | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Available on web |
Sketchpad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? | Yes (limited) | Yes | No | Functions & function plots, symbolic differentiation, mathematical notation |
Tabula | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Folding, cutting, taping, marker, and working instrument models. |
Tabulae | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Collaborative sessions over the internet. |
Cabri 3D | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes (limited) | Yes | No | ? |
Archimedes Geo3D | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No (Eng De Fr) | No | Intersection of Loci |
GEUP 3D | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | ? |
Netpad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Base on Web |
Software | Calculations | Macros | Loci | Animations | Scripting | Assignments | LaTeX export | Web export | Multilingual | Proofs | Extra |
Macros[edit]
Features related to macro constructions: (TODO)
Software | Allows recursity | Allows saving |
---|---|---|
Cabri II Plus | Yes | Yes |
Calques 3D | No | Yes |
GCLC | No | No |
GeoGebra | Yes | Yes |
Géoplan-Géospace | Yes | Yes |
GEUP | Yes | Yes |
iGeom | Yes | Yes |
Kig | ? | Yes |
KSEG | Yes | Yes |
Sketchpad (GSP) | Yes (via Iteration) | Yes |
Loci[edit]
Loci features related to IGS: (TODO)
Software | Take a point of a locus | Intersection of two loci |
---|---|---|
Cabri II Plus | Yes | Yes |
Calques 3D | No | No |
CaR | Yes | Yes |
GeoGebra | Yes | No |
Géoplan-Géospace | Yes | No |
GEUP | Yes | Yes |
iGeom | Yes | No |
Kig | Yes | No |
Sketchpad (GSP) | Yes | No |
NetPad | Yes | Yes |
Proof[edit]
We detail here the proof related features. (TODO)
Software | Interactive Proofs | Automatic Proofs | Probabilist Proofs |
---|---|---|---|
Cabri II Plus | Feedback for | No | Yes in Cabri I |
Cinderella | No | Using external CAS | Yes |
GCLC | No | Yes | No |
GeoGebra | Yes | Yes | No |
Geometrix | Yes | Yes | No |
Géoplan-Géospace | No | No | Yes |
GeoProof | Yes | Yes | No |
iGeom | No | No | Yes |
Jeometry | No | Yes | No |
NetPad | Yes | Yes | ? |
Measurements and calculation[edit]
Measurement and calculation features related to IGS: (TODO)
Software | Arbitrary Precision | Arithmetic expressions | Trigonometric functions | If | Object existence test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabri | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Calques 3D | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
C.a.R. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
GCLC | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
GeoGebra | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (JavaScript) |
Geometria | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Géoplan-Géospace | No | Yes | Yes | Yes (µ function) | No |
GeoProof | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Geometrix | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
iGeom | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
NetPad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Graphics export formats[edit]
Software | PNG | BMP | TIFF | GIF | SWF | SVG | EMF | Fig | Postscript | LaTeX/Eukleides | LaTeX/Pstricks | LaTeX/PGF/TikZ | Asymptote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calques 3D | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
C.a.R. | Yes | No | ? | ? | ? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
Cinderella | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | No | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? |
GCLC | No | Yes | ? | ? | ? | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
GeoGebra | Yes | No | No | Yes (animated) | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Geometry Expressions | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (animated) | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ? | ? | ? | ? |
GeoProof | Yes | No | ? | ? | ? | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | ? | ? |
Kig | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? | ? |
KmPlot | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
KSEG | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? | α{displaystyle alpha } | No | No | ? | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Geometrix | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
iGeom | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Object attributes[edit]
Software | Color | Filled/Not filled | Width | Transparency | Shown/Hidden | Layer | Shape of points | Type of line |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabri | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Calques 3D | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
C.a.R. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
GCLC | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
GeoGebra | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Geometria | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Geometry Expressions | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No (but size) | Yes |
Géoplan-Géospace | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Kig | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
GeoProof | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Geometrix | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
GEUP | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
iGeom | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Sketchpad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes |
NetPad | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No (but size) | Yes |
2D programs[edit]
C.a.R.[edit]
C.a.R. is a free GPL analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP), written in Java.
CaRMetal[edit]
CaRMetal is a free GPL software written in Java. Derived from C.a.R., it provides a different user interface.
Cinderella[edit]
Cinderella, written in Java, is very different from The Geometer's Sketchpad. The later version Cinderella.2 also includes a physics simulation engine and a scripting language. Also, it now[when?] supports macros, line segments, calculations, arbitrary functions, plots, etc. Full documentation is available online.
Dr Genius[edit]
Dr Genius was an attempt to merge Dr. Geo and the Genius calculator.
Dr. Geo[edit]
Dr. Geo[1] is a GPL interactive software intended for younger students (7-15). The later version, Dr. Geo II,[3] is a complete rewrite of Dr. Geo, for the Squeak/Smalltalk environment.
GCLC[edit]
GCLC[4] is a dynamic geometry tool for visualizing and teaching geometry, and for producing mathematical illustrations. In GCLC, figures are described rather than drawn. This approach stresses the fact that geometrical constructions are abstract, formal procedures and not figures. A concrete figure can be generated on the basis of the abstract description. There are several output formats, including LaTeX, LaTeX/PStricks, LaTeX/Tikz, SVG and PostScript. There is a built-in geometry theorem prover (based on the area method). GCLC is available for Windows and Linux. WinGCLC is a Windows version of GCLC with a graphical interface that provides a range of additional functionalities.
GeoGebra[edit]
GeoGebra is software that combines geometry, algebra and calculus for mathematics education in schools and universities. It is available free of charge for non-commercial users.[5]
- License: open source under GPL license (free of charge)
- Languages: 55
- Geometry: points, lines, all conic sections, vectors, parametric curves, locus lines
- Algebra: direct input of inequalities, implicit polynomials, linear and quadratic equations; calculations with numbers, points and vectors
- Calculus: direct input of functions (including piecewise-defined); intersections and roots of functions; symbolic derivatives and integrals (built-in CAS); sliders as parameters
- Parametric Graphs: Yes
- Implicit Polynomials: Yes
- Web Export: all constructions exportable as web pages as a Java applet
- Macros: usable both as tools with the mouse and as commands in the input field
- Animation: Yes
- Spreadsheet: Yes, the cells can contain any GeoGebra object (numbers, points, functions etc.)
- Dynamic text: Yes (including LaTeX)
- Platforms: Mac OS, Unix/Linux, Windows (any platform that supports Java 1.5 or later)
- Continuity: uses a heuristic 'near-to-approach' to avoid jumping objects
GeoKone.NET[edit]
GeoKone.NET[6] is an interactive recursive natural geometry (or 'sacred geometry') generator that runs in a web browser. GeoKone allows the user to create geometric figures using naturalistic rules of recursive copying, such as the Golden ratio.
Geolog[edit]
Geolog[7] is a logic programming language for finitary geometric logic.
Geometry Expressions[edit]
Geometry Expressions[8] Does symbolic geometry. It uses real symbolic inputs and returns real and symbolic outputs. It emphasises use with a Computer Algebra System (CAS), as well as exporting and sharing via interactive HTML5, Lua, and OS X dashboard widget apps.
The Geometer's Sketchpad[edit]
The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP)
- Deterministic
- Languages: English, Spanish, Danish, Russian, Korean, Thai, Traditional and Simplified Chinese, French, Lithuanian (current version); others (older versions)
- Macros: Yes ('custom tools' and 'scripts')
- Java-applet: Yes
- Animation: Yes
- Locus: Yes, including point on locus
- Assignments: No
- Measurement/Calculations: Yes
- Platform: Windows, Mac OS, TI-92+, works under Wine
- Proofs: No
The Geometric Supposer[edit]
The Geometric Supposer[9]
Géoplan-Géospace[edit]
GeoProof[edit]
GeoProof[10] is a free GPL dynamic geometry software, written in OCaml.
GEUP[edit]
GEUP is a more calculus-oriented analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad.
- Deterministic
- Languages: English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish
- Macros: Yes
- Java-applet: No
- Animation: Yes
- Locus: Yes, including point on locus
- Assignments: No
- Measurement/Calculations: Yes
- Platform: Windows
- Proofs: No
GRACE[edit]
GRACE (The Graphical Ruler And Compass Editor) is an analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP), written in Java.
In the future, we will alternately upgrade these two work stations with MS Windows Enterprise upgrades, starting with the old 32-bit machine.Questions:1) What are the file size limitations for VFP9 in Windows 10 Enterprise 64-bit, compared with Windows 10 Enterprise 32-bit?2) We have the VFP8 and VFP9 diskettes which our consultant had available from a Microsoft MSDN subscription, and which the consultant used for the original build in 2004. Will these still work now in 2016 for the build we will need for the new 64-bit work station? Microsoft visual foxpro 9.0. And can we assume that the Microsoft 32-bit upgrade to Windows 10 leave our VFP system extant?Thanks for any helpful advice.Arnold HarrisFast-Track Listmail608-798-4833.
iGeom[edit]
iGeom[2] is freeware interactive geometry software hosted on the Internet for learning and teaching geometry (an analog of GSP and Cabri), written in Java.
Isard[edit]
What Are Software Programs
Isard[11] is an interactive geometry software originally written in Smalltalk. The latest version only works under VisualWorks 7.
Jeometry[edit]
Jeometry is a dynamic geometry applet.
Kig[edit]
Kig is a free (GPL) analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) for KDE, but more calculus-oriented. It is a part of the KDE Edutainment Project.
Kgeo[edit]
Kgeo[3] was a free (GPL) analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) for KDE, but more calculus-oriented, with an interface similar to Kig's. Development has stopped, and the project was replaced and superseded by Kig.
KmPlot[edit]
KmPlot[4] is a mathematical function plotter released under the free GPL license. Includes a powerful parser and precision printing in correct scale. Simultaneously plot multiple functions and combine function terms to build new functions. Supports functions with parameters and functions in polar coordinates. Several grid modes are available. Features include:
- powerful mathematical parser
- precise metric printing
- different plot types (functions, parametric, polar)
- highly configurable visual settings (plot line, axes, grid)
- export to bitmap format (BMP and PNG) and to Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
- save/load complete session in readable XML format
- trace mode: cross-hair following plot, coordinates shown in the status bar
- zooming support
- ability to draw the 1st and 2nd derivative and the integral of a plot function
- support user-defined constants and parameter values
- various tools for plot functions: find minimum/maximum point, get y-value and draw the area between the function and the y-axis
KSEG[edit]
KSEG is a free (GPL) analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) with some unique features. This software can handle heavy, complex constructions in Euclidean geometry.
- Deterministic
- Languages: Dutch, English, French, Chinese, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian Bokmål, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Welsh
- Macros: Yes. Editable and with support for recursion
- Java-applet: No
- Animation: No
- Locus: Yes, but no direct way to place a point on a locus.
- Assignments: No
- Measurement/Calculations: Yes (the calculator is a bit strange)
- Platform: Unix/Linux, Windows, Mac OS (any platform that supports Qt)
- Proofs: No
- Extra: Editable
Live Geometry[edit]
Live Geometry [5] is a free CodePlex project that lets you create interactive ruler and compass constructions and experiment with them. It is written in Silverlight 4 and C# 4.0 (Visual Studio 2010). The core engine is a flexible and extensible framework that allows easy addition of new figure types and features. The project has two front-ends: WPF and Silverlight, which both share the common DynamicGeometry library.
Non-Euclid[edit]
Non-Euclid[12] is a very basic Java-IGS used only for hyperbolic geometry in the Poincaré disk and the upper half-plane models.
OpenEuclide[edit]
OpenEuclide[13] is a GPL 2D geometry software.
Sarit2d[edit]
Sarit2d[14] is a library for JavaScript created for drawing and solving 2d-geometric problems. The library contains many functions for drawing the main geometric shapes: segments, arcs, points, texts, etc. But the very core of the library are the functions for solving the most common geometry problems: intersections between shapes, areas calculation, geometric formulas, etc. With Sarit2d library it's possible solving hard problems through few code rows.
Sphaerica[edit]
Sphaerica[15] is an open source geometry software for spherical geometry. It supports orthographic, stereographic and gnomonic projections and various tools for constructions on the sphere.
Tabula[edit]
Tabula is a commercial dynamic geometry program created by Numeracy Works. Tabula supports hands-on learning and can be used to construct, cut, tape, fold, measure, and transform geometric figures. Built using Silverlight, it is both Mac OS and Windows compatible.
Tabulae[edit]
Tabulae [6] is a dynamic geometry software written in Java. It is under development by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It is available in Brazilian and Portuguese.
TracenPoche[edit]
TracenPoche[7] is a completely Adobe Flash program. It is available in English, Spanish, and French.
Wingeom[edit]
Wingeom[16] is a program for high-precision geometric constructions in both two and three dimensions.
3D programs[edit]
Archimedes Geo3D[edit]
Ganja.js[edit]
Ganja.js implements 2D and 3D projective and conformal Geometric Algebra. It features animation, interactivity and liveediting without registration or download.
Euler 3D[edit]
Euler 3D is a program that allows you to create and manipulate your own polyhedrons. It has a number of facilities: transformations, animations, creating duals, import/export VRML, etc.
Free registration required.
Geomview[edit]
Continuity versus determinism[edit]
All these programs can be divided into two category: deterministic and continuous.GeoGebra can be deterministic or continuous (one can change it in preferences).
All constructions in the deterministic programs (GSP, Cabri, Kseg and most of others) are completely determined by the given points but the result of some constructions can jump or behave unexpectedly when a given point is moved.
On the contrary, some constructions in continuous programs (so far only Cinderella and GeoGebra), depend on the number of hidden parameters and in such a way that moving a given point produces a continuous motion of the construction, as a result, if the point is moved back to the original position the result of construction might be different.
Here is a test to check whether a particular program is continuous:
Construct the orthocenter of triangle and three midpoints (say A', B' C' ) between vertices and orthocenter.
![Programs Programs](/uploads/1/2/5/0/125057375/298458510.jpg)
Construct a circumcircle of A'B'C' .
This is the nine-point circle, it intersects each side of the original triangle at two points: the base of altitude and midpoint. Construct an intersection of one side with the circle at midpoint now move opposite vertex of the original triangle, if the constructed point does not move when base of altitude moves through it that probably means that your program is continuous.
Although it is possible to make a deterministic program which behaves continuously in this and similar simple examples, in general it can be proved that no program can be continuous and deterministic at the same time.[17]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Schwartz; Yerushalmy and Wilson (1993). The Geometric Supposer: What is it a Case of?. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- ^Battista, M.T. (2007). 'The Development of Geometric and Spatial Thinking'. In Lester, Jr., F.K. (ed.). Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. Charlotte, NC: Information Age and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. pp. 843â903.
- ^http://wiki.laptop.org/go/DrGeo
- ^http://www.matf.bg.ac.rs/~janicic/gclc/
- ^http://www.geogebra.org/license#FAQ
- ^http://GeoKone.NET
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^http://geometryexpressions.com
- ^http://www.cet.ac.il/math-international/software5.htm
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2006-04-21. Retrieved 2006-04-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^http://www.jeannot.org/~js/isard/
- ^http://www.cs.unm.edu/~joel/NonEuclid/NonEuclid.html
- ^http://coulon.publi.free.fr/openeuclide/
- ^https://sourceforge.net/projects/sarit2d/
- ^http://sourceforge.net/projects/sphaerica/
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-03-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^Kortenkamp, Ulrich (1999): Foundations of Dynamic Geometry, Dissertation, ETH Zurich 1999. Available online at http://kortenkamps.net/papers/1999/diss.pdf
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_interactive_geometry_software&oldid=916829308'
MIT's inFORM display (pictured) is an example of physically interactive computing.[1][2]
In computer science, interactive computing refers to software which accepts input from the user as it runs.
Interactive software includes commonly used programs, such as word processors or spreadsheetapplications. By comparison, non-interactive programs operate without user intervention; examples of these include compilers and batch processing applications that are pre-programmed to run independently.
Interactive computing focuses on real-time interaction ('dialog') between the computer and the operator, and the technologies that enable them.[3]
If the response of the computer system is complex enough, it is said that the system is conducting social interaction; some systems try to achieve this through the implementation of social interfaces.
The nature of interactive computing as well as its impact on users, are studied extensively in the field of computer interaction.
History of interactive computing systems[edit]
Ivan Sutherland is considered the Father of Interactive Computing for his work on Sketchpad, the interactive display graphics program he developed in 1963. He later worked at the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office under the direction of J. C. R. Licklider.
There he facilitated ARPA's research grant to Douglas Engelbart for developing the NLS[4] system at SRI, based on his visionary manifesto published in a 1962 report,[5] in which Engelbart envisioned interactive computing as a vehicle for user interaction with computers, with each other, and with their knowledge, all in a vast virtual information space.
In a 1965 report,[6] Engelbart published his early experiments with pointing devices, including the computer mouse, for composing and editing on interactive display workstations. Engelbart's work on interactive computing at SRI migrated directly to Xerox PARC, from there to Apple, and out into the mainstream. Thus, the tree of evolution for interactive computing generally traces back to Engelbart's lab at SRI.[7]
In December 2008, on the 40th anniversary of his 1968 demo, SRI sponsored a public commemorative event in his honor.[8]
Current research[edit]
The HP Sprout, a projector-camera interactive computing system.[9]
The need for constant user interaction in interactive computing systems makes it different in many ways from batch processing systems.
Areas of current research include the design of novel programming models[10] and achieving information security and reliability in interactive computing.[11]
IPython[12] is a software system for scientific interactive computing,[13] supporting data visualization, event-driven programming and a number of related GUI toolkits.[14]
The Georgia Institute of Technology's School of Interactive Computing formed in 2007, offering masters and doctoral degrees via collaboration with more than 40 faculties.[15]
The Tangible Media Group of MIT, led by Professor Hiroshi Ishii, seeks to seamlessly couple the dual world of bits and atoms by presenting a dynamic physical form to computation.[16]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Tangible Media Group'. tangible.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
- ^'MIT researchers develop InForm, a shape-shifting display surface (Wired UK)'. Wired UK. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
- ^'What is Interactive Computing?'. Beki's Blog. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
- ^About NLS/Augment, Douglas Engelbart Institute
- ^Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework (1962), Douglas Engelbart Institute
- ^Computer-Aided Display Control (1965), Douglas C. Engelbart
- ^Administrator. 'Interactive Computing - Doug Engelbart Institute'. www.dougengelbart.org. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
- ^Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing, Douglas Engelbart Institute
- ^'Hands-on with the HP Sprout, an imaging powerhouse built into a touch-friendly PC'. PCWorld. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
- ^Perera, Roly (2008-05-14). 'Programming Languages For Interactive Computing'. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Foundations of Interactive Computation (FInCo 2007). 203 (3): 35â52. CiteSeerX10.1.1.95.7225. doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2008.04.085.
- ^Beaver, Donald (1991-08-11). 'Foundations of Secure Interactive Computing'. In Feigenbaum, Joan (ed.). Advances in Cryptology â CRYPTO '91. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 576. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 377â391. doi:10.1007/3-540-46766-1_31. ISBN9783540551881.
- ^IPython official webpage
- ^Perez, F.; Granger, B. E. (2007-05-01). 'IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing'. Computing in Science Engineering. 9 (3): 21â29. doi:10.1109/MCSE.2007.53. ISSN1521-9615.
- ^IPython documentation on interactive computing
- ^School of Interactive Computing official webpage
- ^Tangible Media Group official webpage
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